Al Capone Essay -- biography bio biographies crime criminals

Al Capone is one of the most recognized names in American history. Capone ran the City of Chicago with illegal activities. He appeared many times on newspapers all over the country. Every one of us has heard of Al Capone, but most of us don’t k now the story behind him. What made him to be the most feared gangster in the city of Chicago? How did this kid from a rough neighborhood and no money grow up to have $60,000,000? I’ve always been fascinated with organized crime but had never been taught anything in school about it. This report gave me the chance to explore something interesting and also educational. The more I researched Al Capone, the more I wanted to learn about him. He may look like an innocent Italian at a glance, but he has done a lot of crime in the city of Chicago. I knew going into this topic that there would be more than enough information. Going on the Internet I found many web sites that went in detail about certain aspects of Al Capone’s life. I found web pages on the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre and even a haunting of his ghost. My Grandpa had books that helped me including The Encyclopedia of World Crime and The Mafia Encyclopedia. He also had a great deal of information to tell me. Most of Al Capone’s life seems unreal, but it is true. It all started when he was born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. He was baptized Alphonsus Capone. As the fourth oldest of nine children, he didn’t receive much attention. â€Å"At birth, Capone's parents never would have believed that their son Alphonse would grow up to be a murderous thug without remorse. (The Encyclopedia of World Crime 603)† Capone was very wise when it came to living on the streets of New York. He was a genius when it came to street smarts. As far as school goes, Capone was almost illiterate. He came from a poverty stricken neighborhood in Brooklyn, so education was not a top priority. Capone was forced to either deal with a low wage job with a hopeless future or make an improvement for himself by committing crime. â€Å"Al Capone's philosophy was to the effect that laws only applied to people who had enough money to abide by them. (The Mafia Encyclopedia 603)† Al Capone became a member of the Bim Booms Gang as a teenager. He learned to defend himself by way of a knife and revolver. By the time Capone reached the sixth grade he had already become a street brawler. Capone n... ...ntful life. He was responsible for the death of over 500 people. As a young boy, he had no opportunities to be rich and live in a big home. The only way out was through a life of crime. That’s where he turned and he succeeded with over $60,000,000. To do something well you have to have the drive to do it. This was how Al Capone was and he was a natural at what he did. He had the right personality and the right connections to be at the top. This was how he became the most feared gangster in the city of Chicago and got that $60,000,000. I noticed a connection to Al Capone and Adolf Hitler. They both seemed to have it all then have it suddenly swept under them. They lived lives of crime and hatred but in the end it took a turn. Hitler ended up putting a gun to his mouth while Capone went insane from his stay at Alcatraz. I learned a lot from doing this report. Besides the amount of typing, which has repeatedly cramped my fingers, it let me read some interesting articles that made me really know what Al Capone’s life was like. It may seem cool to talk about Al Capone, but behind his innocent face, was an evil gangster. Al Capone’s name will live on as the crime czar who ruled Chicago.

Pushing Paper Can Be Fun Essay

1.Organizational and Personal Outcomes – What performance problems is the captain trying to address? Behavior- Officers not doing paperwork, or when done, is incomplete. Result – Cases being lost, due to poor reporting. The officers lack motivation and perceive filling out reports as boring. 2.Goal Statement – What would be a desirable outcome? A desirable outcome would be that officers perceive their jobs to include paperwork, and that they understand the value and importance of filling reports adequately and correctly in an assigned time frame. 3.What has the Captain already tried doing to solve the problem? To help motivate the officers, team competitions were established. These were based on the excellence of the reports. The competition provided no reward. An idea suggested to the Captain is to include financial rewards as incentives, based on the number of conviction records. These are also related to motivational factors. 4.Using the MARS Model to diagnose the possible causes of the unacceptable behavior and to explain what the Captain should do to resolve the situation. The MARS Model outlines the four major factors in determining individual behavior and results. The four major factors consist of Motivation, Ability, Role Perceptions and Situation Factors. Motivational: The police officers are lacking motivation when it comes to doing paperwork. Their paper work is frequently put off or completed inadequately. They are aware that promotion is not based on how well they complete paperwork; rather it is based by simply staying on the force for a certain number of years. Ability: I would assume that officers do not receive adequate training on proper report making while attending the police academy. Also some officers may have more of an aptitude than others when it comes to writing. Role Perceptions: The officers perceive their job as peace, law and order. They think of paperwork as boring and routine. A possible issue is that they don’t understand the value attached to providing an adequate and correct report. This perception may have been established due to improper training, the rookies are being taught by other officers, who themselves have never been formally trained. The personalities of the officers as well as their personal values play a role in how they perceive their job to be. Situational Factors: The case did not mention any situational factors; however there is one possible factor. There isn’t enough funding for rewards, so little, that layoffs are being considered. This poses a problem in that, if officers are laid off then there is less of them to perform the task, thus making the issue worse, not improving it. Suggestions: First off in order for things to improve, it needs to start with the Captain. He himself claims the work to be routine and boring; this attitude passes down to his fellow officers. Something as simple as changing his perception, would help motivate the officers. Secondly, all officers including the Captain should be retrained. This will insure consistency throughout. Fewer cases will be lost, and establishing future incentive plans will be must easier. Thirdly, The Captain could decrease the hours officers spend out on the streets, and allocate more time for the officers to complete their paper work. Motivation by Punishment: If a case were to lose due to a faulty report, then the officer responsible for filling the form would have to attend a training session. To avoid the officers from falling back into the same habit, he could also punish them with a week of traffic duty. (I believe most cops prefer to be fighting crime, not issuing traffic tickets). Motivation by Incentive: As the case study mentioned, the police station is experiencing a budget crunch. An affordable method could be to provide officers with free perks, for completing their paper work adequately, correctly and on time. Such things as: first pick of the squat car, which area/street they prefer to patrol and being able to choose cases that interest them most.

Ethics in Research Essay - 740 Words

Ethics in Research Research is one of the most successful means of obtaining a wide variety of information concerning limited or broad topics. However, abundant as this information may be, it is important to maintain an ethical outlook to all research topics. As research and its subsequent experimentations advance in light of new generations, the idea of ethics becomes a more prominent issue. Researchers must be aware of the conflicts that their research may bring about. They must know how to address their findings in a moral way appealing to the pro and cons. Researchers can not simply accumulate data. Coupled with data is the process of analysis, where researchers manipulate their findings†¦show more content†¦According to the National Institute of Health, stem cells are unique cells created from embryos for infertility purposes usually through the process of in vitro fertilization (Institute on Health). Stems cells have two important characteristics that differentiate them from other typ es of cells. One is that they are unspecialized cells that rejuvenate themselves through cell division. The other is that, under certain conditions, they can be induced to become certain specialized cells (Institute on Health). For certain people this is life saving news. Now that cells can be specialized under these unspecialized stem cells, a patient can receive new heart cells for a diseased heart or many other life threatening diseases (Institute on Health). This information can be used in a variety of useful ways, but is it morally right to create embryos only to destroy them? Are these potential humans that could help them world in some other way? This is the perspective of many people fighting against stem-cell research. These activists claim that stem-cell research plays against the will of God. Moreover, if stem cell research is legalized world-wide, who is to say that people will use it only to benefit the curing of disease? Is it possible that people will become careless and more susceptible to disease only to receive stem cells toShow MoreRelatedEthics Of Behavioral Science Research Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Behavioral Science Research Stenulson 1 For most of us, when we think about ethics, we think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong. There are many things that govern our behavior, such as rules, laws, and the Ten Commandments. Most people learn ethical norms from parents, siblings, classmates, and at church, and other social settings. Most people learn the difference between right and wrong when they are younger, but ethical and moral developmentRead MoreEssay Ethics in Social Psychological Research1536 Words   |  7 PagesResearch which involves human participants who undergo uncomfortable circumstances can raise moral, social, and political concerns (Schwartz, 2001). This ensues a whole new field of research known simply as research ethics. Research ethics is generally interested in the analysis of ethical matters that arise when people are used as subjects in such studies. Research ethics requires the application of necessary ethical convention to a variety of topics involving any scientific study. The re are quiteRead MoreEthics in Educational Research1608 Words   |  7 PagesEthics in Educational Research The relationship between ethics and research is one of the most important problems faced by educational researchers. The demand for accountability and ethical responsibility in research is valid and has become irresistible, as instances to the contrary have resulted in impaired research opportunities, infringement on the autonomy of peoples studied, and in some instances harm to research participants (Howe Moses, 2002). Many education associations have their own codesRead MoreThe Ethics in Biomedical Research1110 Words   |  5 Pages Henrietta Lacks was a strong African-American woman, who died because of cancer without knowing that her cancer cells were immortal and very useful for medical research. Her family lived a poverty life without health care, when her cell was commercialized all around the world. That condition was related to biomedical research’s ethics and how consent form should be used properly. â€Å"Henrietta Lacks was born in Roanoke, Virginia, on August 1, 1920† (Skloot 40). Her mother died when she deliveredRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Research967 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Commonsense Case against Animal Experimentation† in The Ethics of Animal Research attempts to answer the problems of animal research through use of common sense. He does this by trying to give and objective (middle ground) argument against animal research and points out what everyone would consider being inhumane treatment of animals. Engle says: My argument for the immorality of using animals as test subjects in biomedical research is predicated on several widely accepted, commonsense moralRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Research Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesAnimals in Biomedical Research Morally Justified? Animals have been treated immorally since the beginning of time, this is shown by hunting, farming, trapping, testing of products and biomedical research etc. As humans, majority of us claim animals as our resources as we use them for eating, making clothing, (leather and fur jackets, shoes) working animals, as a means of transport, animal testing etc. In this essay I will discuss the use of animals in biomedical research and state why some believeRead MoreA Research Study On Ethics1309 Words   |  6 PagesEthics 1. It is the ethics involved in this situation that causes PGD to be a socio-scientific issue. Generally, embryos that are affected with the disease that is being tested for are discarded. There is usually at least one embryo affected with the disease that is being tested for. However embryos that are not implanted can be stored for up to ten years. In some cases there will be more than one ‘healthy’ embryo. As people do not usually choose to implant two, the patient has to make a decisionRead MoreResearch Ethics : Animal And Clinical Research1188 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Ethics: Animal and Clinical Research When it comes to clinical research, many people think of clinical trials, but that’s only merely a small portion of a process towards a medical development involving a process call bench to the bedside. Clinical research outline scientific investigation involving animal or human subjects helping translate basic research into new treatments that would be valuable to patients. Clinical trials can contain a variety of research under the departments of physiologyRead MoreA Research On Accounting Ethics1038 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting Interview 2 Researcher: I am a student pursuing accounting in my studies and am doing a research on accounting ethics. I’d like to get your assistance in doing my research Interviewee: Am an accountant in the Barclays bank. Am ready for your interviewee and just feel free with me Researcher: What is Barclays Bank? Interviewee: Barclays bank is an international commercial bank operating all over the world with branches in all continents. We deal with finance and banking, issuance of loansRead MoreThe Ethics Of Clinical Research1281 Words   |  6 Pageswell. Paul’s oncologist unfortunately had to suggest a final option for Paul to try which was a clinical research trial. Clinical research trials are experimental studies that deem whether or not a medical drug, treatment, surgery, or device is safe and beneficial for humans to use (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). As explained in Marcia Angell’s Article, â€Å"The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World†, the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Health Organization (WHO) provides a guideline

Improving Students Attitude Towards Math, Reading, And School

The after school mentors will give students the opportunity to build a relationship with an adult who will serve as an advocate for them. They will also offer resources for improving academics as well as build on their self-esteem. These programs can change students attitude towards math, reading, and school in general. Kay Augustine explains, students are more likely to remain and achieve in school when they are perceived by people in school who care about them. (Augustine, 2014) According to the National Dropout Prevention Center, mentoring has been identified as one of the basic core strategies for dropout prevention and it has the power and influence to change the negative cycles of their mentees and families. (Effective Strategies)†¦show more content†¦Amanda Shelmire studied a school-within-a-school transitional program for ninth graders and what she found was that grades improved and students changed their perception of school while in the program. (Shelmire, 2011) Ho wever, once out of the program and in the traditional high school setting student’s long term grades did not continue to improve. This just shows the positive effects for students when placed in a school-within-a-school setting. Not to mention the low cost to develop a school-within-a-school. This is another example that at-risk students are very capable of success when given the right instruction and tools. Alternative schools are another approach to assisting kids in need of academic assistance. These institutions are very much like the school-within-a-school setting because of its minimal student body. It has a sense of community and has the ability to offer support and flexibility for its students. Alternative schools focus on the specific needs of its students as well as maintaining a challenging curriculum that meets all state and federal standards. By giving students more time to learn and practice academic concepts will help advance these students to a higher educational level. â€Å"Middle school is where at-risk students start to get off track† (Jones, 2011) and implementing an alternative school in the middle school grades is a way to prevent these students from dropping out of high school in the

Essay on Brown Vs. Board of Education - 1458 Words

Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press (U.S. Constitution). Throughout the ages, censorship has shown up in various forms ranging from printed works to television and the Internet. It can have the positive effect of protecting children from things they are too immature to view, but it can also have negative effects. Censorship may even suppress new and different ideas, keeping them from being made public. It may also set limitations, which stifle the creativity of authors and prevent them from thoroughly expressing their ideas. However it states the government should not censor the people of this country. In the novel Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury the people in the town of Phoenix were censored.†¦show more content†¦They felt that the use of such an insulting word is harmful to the self-esteem of young African-American children. However the NAACP are not the only ones pushing for the banning of this book. A small group of parents h ave protested the book for the same purposes (Grossman). Another novel The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare was banned in Michigan because it portrayed a negative image of Jews. However other novels of Shakespeare were challenged also because parents and officials thought that some characters depict a homosexual image (Ockerbloom). Although these books were banned it did not stop the inevitable. People will continue thinking about what is actually happening in the world and what is the government doing and are they hiding anything from the people. Censorship has happened everywhere and happens everyday especially inside schools. In city schools there have been conflicts over what students should or should not learn. Censors decide that they should protect students from materials and activities that are upsetting and issue the wrong ideas. These ideas are said to weaken parental authority; challenge students political moral, or religious views; or brainwash them into other ways of thinking (Sherrow10). By protecting them they mean targeting academics. Courses that deal with drug prevention, sex education, development of character, orShow MoreRelatedBrown Vs Board Of Education945 Words   |  4 Pagesbring on change. Brown vs Board of education is one case that still has great significance in history. Not only did it have a huge effect on segregation, but America as well would not be the same. My surroundings would totally change if this case had not been established. Brandon would not be my best friend, and sadly without the desegregation in schools we would have never crossed paths. Oliver Brown stood as the representative plaintiff in the case Brown vs. Borad of Education. He felt so strongRead MoreBrown Vs Board Of Education945 Words   |  4 Pagesbring about change. Brown vs Board of education is one case that still has great significance in history. Not only did it have a huge effect on segregation, but America as well would not be the same. My surroundings would totally change if this case had not been established. Brandon would not be my best friend, and sadly without the desegregation in schools, we would have never crossed paths. Oliver Brown stood as the representative plaintiff in the case Brown vs. Borad of Education. He felt so strongRead MoreBrown Vs. Board Of Education1143 Words   |  5 PagesBrown vs. Board of Education (1954) was a landmark Supreme Court Case that overturned the separate but equal ideology established by the earlier Supreme Court Case Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896). The Plessy vs. Ferguson court case had a profound affect on the social interaction of racial groups in the late 19th to early 20th century causing tension between the two most prominent races within the United States, the Caucasians and the African Americans, which included Hispanics and other non-white citizensRead MoreBrown vs Board of Education600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Brown vs Board of Education as a major turning point in African American. Brown vs Board of Education was arguably the most important cases that impacted the African Americans and the white society because it brought a whole new perspective on whether à ¢â‚¬Å"separate but equal† was really equal. The Brown vs Board of Education was made up of five different cases regarding school segregation. â€Å"While the facts of each case are different, the main issue in each was the constitutionality of state-sponsoredRead MoreBrown Vs. Board Of Education878 Words   |  4 Pages Brown vs. Board of Education Is our nation becoming segregated again in light of the recent current events? When you turned on your television last week, did you get a sense of remorse for both the black community as well as the law enforcement community? Our nation is facing many obstacles today regarding equal rights for all. Recently, I have read an essay released in a magazine called, The American School Board Journal, titled â€Å"The Ruling that Changed America† by Juan Williams which he alsoRead MoreThe Brown Vs Board Of Education Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe Brown vs Board of Education was a remarkable set of five cases that paved the way for desegregation in schools and eventually resulting in the Civil Rights Act being passed. These cases however weren’t the only catalysts that forced the Supreme Court to question the wording of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights and neither were they the only pivotal cases that changed the way America as a whole looked at the black commu nity and how to interact with them. The Plessy vs Ferguson case wasRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education2484 Words   |  10 PagesBrown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of education case took place in 1954. It is one of the most important cases in the American history of racial prejudice. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized separate schools for blacks and whites unconstitutional. This decision became an important event of struggle against racial segregation in the United States. The Brown case proved that there is no way a separation on the base of race to be in a democratic society. Brown vRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education2169 Words   |  9 PagesKirisitina Maui’a HIS 303 Brown vs. Board of Education Mr. Mohammad Khatibloo November 1, 2010 Brown v. Board of Education â€Å"To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone† by Chief Justice Earl Warren, Majority Opinion. Imagine you are a seven year old and have to walk one mile to a bus stop by walking throughRead MoreThe Brown Vs. Board Of Education Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesthen results in unfair education opportunities. Many residents of Charlotte NC are unaware of this, or feel they have no voice. It is however the law for students to receive equal education, and North Carolina has a No Child left Behind Act that is clearly not in full effect in CMS, which will eventually force CMS supervisors to start playing a role in how their schools will not fall short of making their students successful. Background The Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954 ruledRead MoreEssay on Brown vs. Board of Education786 Words   |  4 PagesBrown vs. Board of Education Although slavery was finally ended at the end of the nineteenth century black people found themselves still in the process of fighting. What they had to fight for was their own rights. The Emancipation Proclamation and the end of the civil war brought about literal freedom but the beliefs and attitudes of whites, especially in the south kept the black people repressed. In this paper I would like to share the research that I found that helped to launch the fight

The Rise of Antibiotics Free Essays

string(46) " increase in reported infections are diverse\." The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections by_ Ricki Lewis, Ph. D. _ When penicillin became widely available during the second world war, it was a medical miracle, rapidly vanquishing the biggest wartime killer–infected wounds. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of Antibiotics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discovered initially by a French medical student, Ernest Duchesne, in 1896, and then rediscovered by Scottish physician Alexander Fleming in 1928, the product of the soil mold Penicillium crippled many types of disease-causing bacteria. But just four years after drug companies began mass-producing penicillin in 1943, microbes began appearing that could resist it. The first bug to battle penicillin was Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is often a harmless passenger in the human body, but it can cause illness, such as pneumonia or toxic shock syndrome, when it overgrows or produces a toxin. In 1967, another type of penicillin-resistant pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and called pneumococcus, surfaced in a remote village in Papua New Guinea. At about the same time, American military personnel in southeast Asia were acquiring penicillin-resistant gonorrhea from prostitutes. By 1976, when the soldiers had come home, they brought the new strain of gonorrhea with them, and physicians had to find new drugs to treat it. In 1983, a hospital-acquired intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Enterococcus faecium joined the list of bugs that outwit penicillin. Antibiotic resistance spreads fast. Between 1979 and 1987, for example, only 0. 02 percent of pneumococcus strains infecting a large number of patients surveyed by the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were penicillin-resistant. CDC’s survey included 13 hospitals in 12 states. Today, 6. 6 percent of pneumococcus strains are resistant, according to a report in the June 15, 1994, Journal of the American Medical Association by Robert F. Breiman, M. D. , and colleagues at CDC. The agency also reports that in 1992, 13,300 hospital patients died of bacterial infections that were resistant to antibiotic treatment. Why has this happened? â€Å"There was complacency in the 1980s. The perception was that we had licked the bacterial infection problem. Drug companies weren’t working on new agents. They were concentrating on other areas, such as viral infections,† says Michael Blum, M. D. , medical officer in the Food and Drug Administration’s division of anti-infective drug products. â€Å"In the meantime, resistance increased to a number of commonly used antibiotics, possibly related to overuse of antibiotics. In the 1990s, we’ve come to a point for certain infections that we don’t have agents available. † According to a report in the April 28, 1994, New England Journal of Medicine, researchers have identified bacteria in patient samples that resist all currently available antibiotic drugs. Survival of the Fittest The increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an outcome of evolution. Any population of organisms, bacteria included, naturally includes variants with unusual traits–in this case, the ability to withstand an antibiotic’s attack on a microbe. When a person takes an antibiotic, the drug kills the defenseless bacteria, leaving behind–or â€Å"selecting,† in biological terms–those that can resist it. These renegade bacteria then multiply, increasing their numbers a millionfold in a day, becoming the predominant microorganism. The antibiotic does not technically cause the resistance, but allows it to happen by creating a situation where an already existing variant can flourish. â€Å"Whenever antibiotics are used, there is selective pressure for resistance to occur. It builds upon itself. More and more organisms develop resistance to more and more drugs,† says Joe Cranston, Ph. D. , director of the department of drug policy and standards at the American Medical Association in Chicago. A patient can develop a drug-resistant infection either by contracting a resistant bug to begin with, or by having a resistant microbe emerge in the body once antibiotic treatment begins. Drug-resistant infections increase risk of death, and are often associated with prolonged hospital stays, and sometimes complications. These might necessitate removing part of a ravaged lung, or replacing a damaged heart valve. Bacterial Weaponry Disease-causing microbes thwart antibiotics by interfering with their mechanism of action. For example, penicillin kills bacteria by attaching to their cell walls, then destroying a key part of the wall. The wall falls apart, and the bacterium dies. Resistant microbes, however, either alter their cell walls so penicillin can’t bind or produce enzymes that dismantle the antibiotic. In another scenario, erythromycin attacks ribosomes, structures within a cell that enable it to make proteins. Resistant bacteria have slightly altered ribosomes to which the drug cannot bind. The ribosomal route is also how bacteria become resistant to the antibiotics tetracycline, streptomycin and gentamicin. How Antibiotic Resistance Happens Antibiotic resistance results from gene action. Bacteria acquire genes conferring resistance in any of three ways. In spontaneous DNA mutation, bacterial DNA (genetic material) may mutate (change) spontaneously (indicated by starburst). Drug-resistant tuberculosis arises this way. In a form of microbial sex called transformation, one bacterium may take up DNA from another bacterium. Pencillin-resistant gonorrhea results from transformation. Most frightening, however, is resistance acquired from a small circle of DNA called a plasmid, that can flit from one type of bacterium to another. A single plasmid can provide a slew of different resistances. In 1968, 12,500 people in Guatemala died in an epidemic of Shigella diarrhea. The microbe harbored a plasmid carrying resistances to four antibiotics! A Vicious Cycle: More Infections and Antibiotic Overuse Though bacterial antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon, societal factors also contribute to the problem. These factors include increased infection transmission, coupled with inappropriate antibiotic use. More people are contracting infections. Sinusitis among adults is on the rise, as are ear infections in children. A report by CDC’s Linda F. McCaig and James M. Hughes, M. D. , in the Jan. 18, 1995, Journal of the American Medical Association, tracks antibiotic use in treating common illnesses. The report cites nearly 6 million antibiotic prescriptions for sinusitis in 1985, and nearly 13 million in 1992. Similarly, for middle ear infections, the numbers are 15 million prescriptions in 1985, and 23. 6 million in 1992. Causes for the increase in reported infections are diverse. You read "The Rise of Antibiotics" in category "Papers" Some studies correlate the doubling in doctor’s office visits for ear infections for preschoolers between 1975 and 1990 to increased use of day-care facilities. Homelessness contributes to the spread of infection. Ironically, advances in modern medicine have made more people predisposed to infection. People on chemotherapy and transplant recipients taking drugs to suppress their immune function are at greater risk of infection. â€Å"There are the number of immunocompromised patients, who wouldn’t have survived in earlier times,† says Cranston. â€Å"Radical procedures produce patients who are in difficult shape in the hospital, and are prone to nosocomial [hospital-acquired] infections. Also, the general aging of patients who live longer, get sicker, and die slower contributes to the problem,† he adds. Though some people clearly need to be treated with antibiotics, many experts are concerned about the inappropriate use of these powerful drugs. â€Å"Many consumers have an expectation that when they’re ill, antibiotics are the answer. They put pressure on the physician to prescribe them. Most of the time the illness is viral, and antibiotics are not the answer. This large burden of antibiotics is certainly selecting resistant bacteria,† says Blum. Another much-publicized concern is use of antibiotics in livestock, where the drugs are used in well animals to prevent disease, and the animals are later slaughtered for food. â€Å"If an animal gets a bacterial infection, growth is slowed and it doesn’t put on weight as fast,† says Joe Madden, Ph. D. , strategic manager of microbiology at FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. In addition, antibiotics are sometimes administered at low levels in feed for long durations to increase the rate of weight gain and improve the efficiency of converting animal feed to units of animal production. FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine limits the amount of antibiotic residue in poultry and other meats, and the U. S. Department of Agriculture monitors meats for drug residues. According to Margaret Miller, Ph. D. , deputy division director at the Center for Veterinary Medicine, the residue limits for antimicrobial animal drugs are set low enough to ensure that the residues themselves do not select resistant bacteria in (human) gut flora. FDA is investigating whether bacteria resistant to quinolone antibiotics can emerge in food animals and cause disease in humans. Although thorough cooking sharply reduces the likelihood of antibiotic-resistant bacteria surviving in a meat meal to infect a human, it could happen. Pathogens resistant to drugs other than fluoroquinolones have sporadically been reported to survive in a meat meal to infect a human. In 1983, for example, 18 people in four midwestern states developed multi-drug-resistant Salmonella food poisoning after eating beef from cows fed antibiotics. Eleven of the people were hospitalized, and one died. A study conducted by Alain Cometta, M. D. , and his colleagues at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois in Lausanne, Switzerland, and reported in the April 28, 1994, New England Journal of Medicine, showed that increase in antibiotic resistance parallels increase in antibiotic use in humans. They examined a large group of cancer patients given antibiotics called fluoroquinolones to prevent infection. The patients’ white blood cell counts were very low as a result of their cancer treatment, leaving them open to infection. Between 1983 and 1993, the percentage of such patients receiving antibiotics rose from 1. 4 to 45. During those years, the researchers isolated Escherichia coli bacteria annually from the patients, and tested the microbes for resistance to five types of fluoroquinolones. Between 1983 and 1990, all 92 E. coli strains tested were easily killed by the antibiotics. But from 1991 to 1993, 11 of 40 tested strains (28 percent) were resistant to all five drugs. Towards Solving the Problem Antibiotic resistance is inevitable, say scientists, but there are measures we can take to slow it. Efforts are under way on several fronts–improving infection control, developing new antibiotics, and using drugs more appropriately. Barbara E. Murray, M. D. , of the University of Texas Medical School at Houston writes in the April 28, 1994, New England Journal of Medicine that simple improvements in public health measures can go a long way towards preventing infection. Such approaches include more frequent hand washing by health-care workers, quick identification and isolation of patients with drug-resistant infections, and improving sewage systems and water purity in developing nations. Drug manufacturers are once again becoming interested in developing new antibiotics. These efforts have been spurred both by the appearance of new bacterial illnesses, such as Lyme disease and Legionnaire’s disease, and resurgences of old foes, such as tuberculosis, due to drug resistance. FDA is doing all it can to speed development and availability of new antibiotic drugs. â€Å"We can’t identify new agents–that’s the job of the pharmaceutical industry. But once they have identified a promising new drug for resistant infections, what we can do is to meet with the company very early and help design the development plan and clinical trials,† says Blum. In addition, drugs in development can be used for patients with multi-drug-resistant infections on an â€Å"emergency IND (compassionate use)† basis, if the physician requests this of FDA, Blum adds. This is done for people with AIDS or cancer, for example. No one really has a good idea of the extent of antibiotic resistance, because it hasn’t been monitored in a coordinated fashion. â€Å"Each hospital monitors its own resistance, but there is no good national system to test for antibiotic resistance,† says Blum. This may soon change. CDC is encouraging local health officials to track resistance data, and the World Health Organization has initiated a global computer database for physicians to report outbreaks of drug-resistant bacterial infections. Experts agree that antibiotics should be restricted to patients who can truly benefit from them–that is, people with bacterial infections. Already this is being done in the hospital setting, where the routine use of antibiotics to prevent infection in certain surgical patients is being reexamined. We have known since way back in the antibiotic era that these drugs have been used inappropriately in surgical prophylaxis [preventing infections in surgical patients]. But there is more success [in limiting antibiotic use] in hospital settings, where guidelines are established, than in the more typical outpatient settings,† says Cranston. Murray points out an example of antibiotic prophylaxis in the outpatient setting–children with recurrent ear infections given extended antibiotic prescriptions to prevent future infections. (See â€Å"Protecting Little Pitchers’ Ears† in the December 1994 FDA Consumer. Another problem with antibiotic use is that patients often stop taking the drug too soon, because symptoms improve. However, this merely encourages resistant microbes to proliferate. The infection returns a few weeks later, and this time a different drug must be used to treat it. Targeting TB Stephen Weis and colleagues at the University of North Texas Health Science Center in Fort Worth reported in the April 28, 1994, New England Journal of Medicine on research they conducted in Tarrant County, Texas, that vividly illustrates how helping patients to take the full course of their medication can actually lower resistance rates. The subject–tuberculosis. TB is an infection that has experienced spectacular ups and downs. Drugs were developed to treat it, complacency set in that it was beaten, and the disease resurged because patients stopped their medication too soon and infected others. Today, one in seven new TB cases is resistant to the two drugs most commonly used to treat it (isoniazid and rifampin), and 5 percent of these patients die. In the Texas study, 407 patients from 1980 to 1986 were allowed to take their medication on their own. From 1986 until the end of 1992, 581 patients were closely followed, with nurses observing them take their pills. By the end of the study, the relapse rate–which reflects antibiotic resistance–fell from 20. 9 to 5. 5 percent. This trend is especially significant, the researchers note, because it occurred as risk factors for spreading TB–including AIDS, intravenous drug use, and homelessness–were increasing. The conclusion: Resistance can be slowed if patients take medications correctly. Narrowing the Spectrum Appropriate prescribing also means that physicians use â€Å"narrow spectrum† antibiotics–those that target only a few bacterial types–whenever possible, so that resistances can be restricted. The only national survey of antibiotic prescribing practices of office physicians, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, finds that the number of prescriptions has not risen appreciably from 1980 to 1992, but there has been a shift to using costlier, broader spectrum agents. This prescribing trend heightens the resistance problem, write McCaig and Hughes, because more diverse bacteria are being exposed to antibiotics. One way FDA can help physicians choose narrower spectrum antibiotics is to ensure that labeling keeps up with evolving bacterial resistances. Blum hopes that the surveillance information on emerging antibiotic resistances from CDC will enable FDA to require that product labels be updated with the most current surveillance information. Many of us have come to take antibiotics for granted. A child develops strep throat or an ear infection, and soon a bottle of â€Å"pink medicine† makes everything better. An adult suffers a sinus headache, and antibiotic pills quickly control it. But infections can and do still kill. Because of a complex combination of factors, serious infections may be on the rise. While awaiting the next â€Å"wonder drug,† we must appreciate, and use correctly, the ones that we already have. {draw:rect} Big Difference If this bacterium could be shown four times bigger, it would be the right relative size to the virus beneath it. Both are microscopic and are shown many times larger than life. ) Although bacteria are single-celled organisms, viruses are far simpler, consisting of one type of biochemical (a nucleic acid, such as DNA or RNA) wrapped in another (protein). Most biologists do not consider viruses to be living things, but instead, infectious particles. Antibiotic drugs attack bacteria, not viruses. {draw:rect} *The Greatest Fe ar–Vancomycin* Resistance When microbes began resisting penicillin, medical researchers fought back with chemical cousins, such as methicillin and oxacillin. By 1953, the antibiotic armamentarium included chloramphenicol, neomycin, terramycin, tetracycline, and cephalosporins. But today, researchers fear that we may be nearing an end to the seemingly endless flow of antimicrobial drugs. At the center of current concern is the antibiotic vancomycin, which for many infections is literally the drug of â€Å"last resort,† says Michael Blum, M. D. , medical officer in FDA’s division of anti-infective drug products. Some hospital-acquired staph infections are resistant to all antibiotics except vancomycin. Now vancomycin resistance has turned up in another common hospital bug, enterococcus. And since bacteria swap resistance genes like teenagers swap T-shirts, it is only a matter of time, many microbiologists believe, until vancomycin-resistant staph infections appear. â€Å"Staph aureus may pick up vancomycin resistance from enterococci, which are found in the normal human gut,† says Madden. And the speed with which vancomycin resistance has spread through enterococci has prompted researchers to use the word â€Å"crisis† when discussing the possibility of vancomycin-resistant staph. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci were first reported in England and France in 1987, and appeared in one New York City hospital in 1989. By 1991, 38 hospitals in the United States reported the bug. By 1993, 14 percent of patients with enterococcus in intensive-care units in some hospitals had vancomycin-resistant strains, a 20-fold increase from 1987. A frightening report came in 1992, when a British researcher observed a transfer of a vancomycin-resistant gene from enterococcus to Staph aureus in the laboratory. Alarmed, the researcher immediately destroyed the bacteria. Ricki_ Lewis is a geneticist and textbook author. _ {draw:rect} FDA Consumer magazine (September 1995) How to cite The Rise of Antibiotics, Papers

Competitor Analysis of the Aston Martin-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about theb Competitor analysis of the Aston Martin by Hackett jacket. Answer: Steps in writing a marketing plan There are two main aspects in formulating a marketing plan firstly addressing the competitive and rivalry market place and secondly support and execution of the day to day operations of a business organization. Be it a small scale operation or large scale luxury brand the completion in the market is huge and there is constant pressure on the business to formulate and effectively implement strategies that are unique in order to outdo the competition in the market. In the process of planning marketing strategies it is important to not only come up with tactics but also to execute them in a fashion that will yield maximum performance for the brand. This requires a set methodology and organization procedure. Marketing plan should begin with an overall objective of the business enterprise. Every aspect in a marketing plan is important in order to effectively implement it. Marketing strategy on the basis of the objective of the organization can be broadly categorized in three phases a cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and a focused strategy. According to the traditional concept there are 4Ps to a marketing mix namely: product, price, place and promotion. These four variables if implemented correctly give the maximum return to the company. Before starting production of the idea a company has it has to fix these aspects and work towards it (Huang Sarigll, 2014). SWOT Analysis This is the acronym for strength, weakness, opportunities and threat. This analysis is carried out for any business organization in order to understand and critically analyze the position of the company in the market. It provides a platform that helps the company to build the marketing plan on. Strength and weakness is the internal factors that can be controlled by the organization whereas the opportunity and threat are the external factors which are not under the control of the management of the organization. SWOT analyses for Aston Martin by Hackett fashion wear are as follows: Strength: The biggest strength of the collaboration is the names of the brand that are associated with the product. Both the company have goodwill among the end customers as well as in the industry for high quality performance and style. It is a luxury item and is bound to be pricy but the fact that they are form a renowned luxury brand only emphasises on the fact that the quality and the build of the products will be top notch and best quality. Style and design of the fashion wear form this collaboration is trendy and contemporary yet has a classic touch of elegance that men of taste prefer. The collection is limited edition which increases it exclusivity and value. Weakness: first and foremost the brand does not cater to everyone; it caters to the niche target market that is interested in investing in an expensive jacket. The price is extremely steep and the product availability is also low as it is only available in some exclusive stores. The products are available online but customers who will buy an expensive jacket would at least like to observe and feel the material before purchasing it online (Xiang et al., 2015). Opportunities: The people of Australia are fashion conscious and are constantly updating themselves with trends and style. The Australian market has a good opportunity as British Brands are associated with good reputation and a marker of class. As the company has means and monetary support to expand, the company should focus on expanding the distribution and availability of the item. Threat: fashion and automobile industry are a combination that has been collaborating for a long time Ducati and Lexus have their own lifestyle brands. Fiat has collaboration with Gucci which is one of the biggest threats to the collaboration. Ferrari also has a clothing line of the brand itself, which is also not as highly priced as the jacket from the Aston Martin and Hackettcollaboration. There is constant need of upgrade and continuous change in the preference in lifestyle and fashion among the people of Australia. This is a significant threat as the life cycle of fad items are short lived in the fashion industry or is quickly replaced by other companies. Another very evident threat to the luxury industry and the fashion industry is the availability of fake products which look and feel identical but is available at almost less than half the price of the original. This is not only for this particular item this is true to all luxury fashion goods the fake market is fooled with prod ucts which are total rip off of the original item Satit et al. 2012). Competitor Analysis Company name Hackett Reiss Moschino Lacoste USP Have a masculine classic approach to the style More on the casual and easy style Trendy, quirky, colorful design Is associated with integrity and class Pricing Premium Value based pricing Economy pricing Pricing for Market Penetration Premium Value based pricing Distribution Retail and online Retail and online Retail and online Retail and online Mission The brands that are associated with the fashion item both have its own different mission and vision statement. One is an automobile company that has a reputable history and is synonymous to fashion and style. Aston martin is a brand that is identified by anyone who is interested in automobiles. Aston Martin is luxury sport cars that have a classic and traditional edge to the trendy vibe of the design it is a perfect amalgamation. Whereas Hackett is a fashion brand that has been known for its classic taste and luxurious premium quality material. The relationship in between the two brands, Hacketts and Aston Martin stretches back many years. Developing the relation on the basis of strong foundation, the companies now offer the Aston Martin by Hackett collection that has a wide array of luxurious clothing that reflects the coming together of two stylish brands. The mission of the collaboration is to offer chic classy style to the customers reflecting the style of the car company along with the classic essence of the clothing line. The collaboration is set to offer sharp masculine cuts and shapes in mature and classic color variants (CAPSULE COLLECTION, 2017) Marketing objectives Marketing is a communication tool of a company with the stakeholders. It is used to promote products and services, announce new launches get feedback. Marketing also deals other aspects that are prevalent in the industry that affect the business operations. The three marketing objectives of the company are: To launch a new collaboration and product line To increase the brand loyalty and awareness To target new potential customers Financial objectives In simple words revenue and cost are the two aspects of finances of a company. For a company to run on a daily basis it needs working capital. For a luxury brand like Hackett and Aston Martin financial objective is much more than just day to day business of the organization: To maximize the value of the company To ensure optimum return on investment To increase the wealth of the company The above set objectives are for the first six month s of the product launch (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Marketing mix Product: the collaboration in between the two brands fulfils the quality, design and brand requirement for the winter wear. The product is made of premium quality material that is not only breathable but also chic and classy style. Price: The customer will purchase a limited edition fashion item keeping in mind that it will be on the pricy end. The product range has a range of price tags along with sale and discount offers on regular basis. Promotion: this is where the communication process takes place. For a collaboration that aims for the modern and fashionable men Social Media will be the best approach for marketing the item. Along with that public relation will be also given priority as customer satisfaction is the first as it is one of the most reliable methods to reach to the target market. Both audio visual advertising will be engaged in various medium. Digital marketing is the latest and one of the most effective forms of marketing that has been developed with the advancement of technology in the mobile devices and decreased rate of internet. Digital marketing deals with communication in between the company and the end customers. Digital marketing has made feedback process easy and smooth. Facebook: A Facebook page for promotional purposes is very essential in digital media; Facebook also allows advertising which is very effective as people of interest are the only ones who can view these ads. Feedback of the response in this entire social media platform is very smooth and effective. Instagram is now a part of Facebook and is very popular among the celebrities and the young adults who are the main target of the brand (Shahhosseini Ardahaey, 2011. Youtube: The Company can send PR packages to influential lifestyle youtubers so that they can talk about the good and bad about the collection to the followers. Twitter: twitter is a medium of communication and direct feedback hash tag campaigns can be implemented in order to create brand awareness and to check the response of the target market (Ryan, 2016). Place: the collection of the collaboration will be available in all exclusive Hackett retail stores in Australia as well as in the web store of the organisation (Belch et al., 2014 Implementation of the marketing Action plan In order to achieve the aforementioned marketing and financial objectives the company has to follow a plan of action. To launch a new collaboration and product line A press conference can be arranged in order to announce the new launch, the press coverage will give the collaboration recognition and will spread the awareness after the media has covered the event. Lifestyle Journalists can be requested to write about the collaboration and what are their expectations as well as the first impression by just looking at the collection. To increase the brand loyalty The loyal customers can be offered a special discount or special gift along with the purchase of the item. To target new potential customers As discussed earlier social media and digital marketing will be the focus of marketing in order to create new customer base. To maximize the value of the company As a luxury brand the company has to focus on creation of value to keep up the goodwill and the reputation of the company. The company can collaborate with renowned people to try the collection and photographs can be posted social media, this will enhance and add to the value of the brand. To ensure optimum return on investment The company can change the pricing strategy. To increase the wealth of the company Expansion in Australian market will ensure increase in wealth; it will also make the distribution of product easy and convenient for the potential customers (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Reference list: ASTON MARTIN BY HACKETT. (2017).astonmartin.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017, from https://www.astonmartin.com/en/live/news/2016/08/11/luxury-capsule-collection-aston-martin-by-hackett-released-in-celebration-of-new-partnership Belch, George, Belch, Michael. (2014). The role of New and Traditional Media in the Rapidly Changing Marketing Communications Environment.International Journal of Strategic Innovative Marketing,International Journal of Strategic Innovative Marketing, 12/10/2114. CAPSULE COLLECTION. (2017).hackett.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017, from https://www.hackett.com/gb/men/collection/aston-martin/aston-martin-by-hackett Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Ryan, D. (2016).Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publishers. Satit, R. P., Tat, H. H., Rasli, A., Chin, T. A., Sukati, I. (2012). The relationship between marketing mix and customer decision-making over travel agents: An empirical study.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,2(6), 522. Shahhosseini, A., Ardahaey, F. T. (2011). Marketing mix practices in the cultural industry.International Journal of Business and Management,6(8), 230. Xiang, F., Harrison, S., Nowak, M., Kimlin, M., Van Der Mei, I., Neale, R., . . . Lucas, R. (2015). Weekend personal ultraviolet radiation exposure in four cities in Australia: Influence of temperature, humidity and ambient ultraviolet radiation.Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology,143, 74-81.